Description: "User's Guide"

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## Buildings.UsersGuide

User's Guide

### Information

The `Buildings` library is a free open-source library for modeling of building energy and control systems. Many models are based on models from the package Modelica.Fluid and use the same ports to ensure compatibility with models from that library.

The web page for this library is http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica. We welcome contributions from different users to further advance this library, whether it is through collaborative model development, through model use and testing or through requirements definition or by providing feedback regarding the model applicability to solve specific problems.

The library has the following User's Guides:

1. General information about the use of the `Buildings` library is available at http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica/userGuide. This web site covers general information that is not specific to the use of individual packages or models. Discussed topics include how to get started, best practices, how to post-process results using Python, work-around for problems and how to develop models.
2. Some of packages have their own User's Guides that can be accessed by the links below. These User's Guides are explaining items that are specific to the particular package.

   Airflow.Multizone | Package for multizone airflow and contaminant transport.
   BoundaryConditions | Package for computing boundary conditions, such as solar irradiation.
   Fluid | Package for one-dimensional fluid in piping networks with heat exchangers, valves, etc.
   Fluid.Actuators | Package with valves and air dampers.
   Fluid.HeatExchangers.DXCoils | Package with direct evaporative cooling coils.
   Fluid.HeatExchangers.RadiantSlabs | Package with radiant slabs.
   Fluid.Movers | Package with fans and pumps.
   Fluid.Sensors | Package with sensors.
   Fluid.Storage | Package with storage tanks and an expansion vessel.
   Fluid.SolarCollectors | Package with solar collectors.
   Fluid.Interfaces | Base models that can be used by developers to implement new models.
   HeatTransfer | Package for heat transfer in building constructions.
   Rooms.MixedAir | Package for heat transfer in rooms and through the building envelope with the room air being modeled using the mixed air assumption.
   Rooms.CFD | Package for heat transfer in rooms and through the building envelope with the room air being modeled using computational fluid dynamics.
   Rooms.Examples.FFD | Package with examples that use the Fast Fluid Dynamics program for the computational fluid dynamics.
   Utilities.IO.Python27 | Package to call Python functions from Modelica.

3. There is also a tutorial available at Buildings.Examples.Tutorial. The tutorial contains step by step instructions for how to build system models.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

### Package Content

Name | Description
--- | ---
Conventions | Conventions
ReleaseNotes | Release notes
Contact | Contact
Acknowledgements | Acknowledgements
License | Modelica License 2
Copyright | Copyright

## Buildings.UsersGuide.Conventions

Conventions

### Information

This library follows the conventions of the Modelica Standard Library, which are as follows:

Note, in the html documentation of any Modelica library, the headings "h1, h2, h3" should not be used, because they are utilized from the automatically generated documentation and headings. Additional headings in the html documentation should start with "h4".

In the Modelica package the following conventions are used:

1. Class and instance names are written in upper and lower case letters, e.g., "ElectricCurrent". An underscore is only used at the end of a name to characterize a lower or upper index, e.g., "pin_a".
2. Class names start always with an upper case letter.
3. Instance names, i.e., names of component instances and of variables (with the exception of constants), start usually with a lower case letter with only a few exceptions if this is common sense (such as "T" for a temperature variable).
4. Constant names, i.e., names of variables declared with the "constant" prefix, follow the usual naming conventions (= upper and lower case letters) and start usually with an upper case letter, e.g. UniformGravity, SteadyState.
5. The two connectors of a domain that have identical declarations and different icons are usually distinguished by "_a", "_b" or "_p", "_n", e.g., Flange_a/Flange_b, HeatPort_a, HeatPort_b.
6. The instance name of a component is always displayed in its icon (= text string "%name") in blue color. A connector class has the instance name definition in the diagram layer and not in the icon layer. Parameter values, e.g., resistance, mass, gear ratio, are displayed in the icon in black color in a smaller font size as the instance name.
7. A main package has usually the following subpackages:
   - UsersGuide containing an overall description of the library and how to use it.
   - Examples containing models demonstrating the usage of the library.
   - Interfaces containing connectors and partial models.
   - Types containing type, enumeration and choice definitions.

The `Buildings` library uses the following conventions in addition to the ones of the Modelica Standard Library:

1. The nomenclature used in the package Buildings.Utilities.Psychrometrics is as follows,
   - Uppercase `X` denotes mass fraction per total mass.
   - Lowercase `x` denotes mass fraction per mass of dry air.
   - The notation `z_xy` denotes that the function or block has output `z` and inputs `x` and `y`.
   - The symbol `pW` denotes water vapor pressure, `TDewPoi` denotes dew point temperature, `TWetBul` denotes wet bulb temperature, and `TDryBul` (or simply `T`) denotes dry bulb temperature.
2. Names of models, blocks and packages should start with an upper-case letter and be a noun or a noun with a combination of adjectives and nouns. Use camel-case notation to combine multiple words, such as `HeatTransfer`.
3. Parameter and variables names are usually a character, such as `T` for temperature and `p` for pressure, or a combination of the first three characters of a word, such as `higPreSetPoi` for high pressure set point.
4. Comments should be added to each class (package, model, function etc.). The first character should be upper case. For one-line comments of parameters, variables and classes, no period should be used at the end of the comment.
5. Where applicable, all variable must have units, also if the variable is protected.
6. To indicate that a class (i.e., a package, model, block etc.) has not been extensively tested or validated, its class name ends with the string `Beta`.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

### Modelica definition

class Conventions "Conventions" extends Modelica.Icons.Information; end Conventions;

## Buildings.UsersGuide.Contact

Contact

### Information

#### Contact

The development of the Buildings library is organized by
Michael Wetter
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
One Cyclotron Road
Bldg. 90-3147
Berkeley, CA 94720
USA
email: MWetter@lbl.gov

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Contact (Icon for contact information).

### Modelica definition

class Contact "Contact" extends Modelica.Icons.Contact; end Contact;

## Buildings.UsersGuide.Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

### Information

#### Acknowledgements

The development of this library was supported

- by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and
- by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, Buildings End Use Energy Efficiency Program, award number 500-10-052.

The package for multizone airflow modeling and the model for thermal comfort was contributed by the United Technologies Research Center, which also contributed to the validation of the room heat transfer model.

We thank Dietmar Winkler from Telemark University College for the various feedback that helped improve the organization and structure of the library.

The following people have directly contributed to the implementation of the Buildings library (many others have contributed by other means than model implementation):

- Marco Bonvini, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Rainer Czetina, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria
- Sebastian Giglmayr, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria
- Peter Grant, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Brandon M. Hencey, Cornell University, USA
- Roman Ilk, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria
- Dan Li, University of Miami, Florida, USA
- Filip Mathadon, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Thierry S. Nouidui, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Markus Nurschinger, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria
- Xiufeng Pang, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Damien Picard, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Kaustubh Phalak, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Thomas Sevilla, University of Miami, Florida, USA
- Martin Sjölund, Linköping University, Sweden
- Matthis Thorade, Berlin University of the Arts, Germany
- Wei Tian, University of Miami, Florida, USA
- Armin Teskeredzic, Mechanical Engineering Faculty Sarajevo and GIZ, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Rafael Velazquez, University of Seville, Spain
- Pierre Vigouroux, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees, France
- Sebastian Vock, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Austria
- Vladimir Vukovic, Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
- Michael Wetter, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
- Wangda Zuo, University of Miami, Florida, USA

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

### Modelica definition

class Acknowledgements "Acknowledgements" extends Modelica.Icons.Information; end Acknowledgements;

## Buildings.UsersGuide.License

Modelica License 2

### Information

#### The Modelica License 2

Preamble. The goal of this license is that Modelica related model libraries, software, images, documents, data files etc. can be used freely in the original or a modified form, in open source and in commercial environments (as long as the license conditions below are fulfilled, in particular sections 2c) and 2d). The Original Work is provided free of charge and the use is completely at your own risk. Developers of free Modelica packages are encouraged to utilize this license for their work.

The Modelica License applies to any Original Work that contains the following licensing notice adjacent to the copyright notice(s) for this Original Work:

Note. This is the standard Modelica License 2, except for the following changes: the parenthetical in paragraph 7., paragraph 5., and the addition of paragraph 15.d).

Licensed by The Regents of the University of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under the Modelica License 2

#### 1. Definitions

1. "License" is this Modelica License.
2. "Original Work" is any work of authorship, including software, images, documents, data files, that contains the above licensing notice or that is packed together with a licensing notice referencing it.
3. "Licensor" is the provider of the Original Work who has placed this licensing notice adjacent to the copyright notice(s) for the Original Work. The Original Work is either directly provided by the owner of the Original Work, or by a licensee of the owner.
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5. "Modified Work" is any modification of the Original Work with the following exceptions: (a) fixing of errors and/or (b) adding vendor specific Modelica annotations and/or (c) using a subset of the classes of a Modelica package, and/or (d) using a different representation, e.g., a binary representation.
6. "Source Code" means the preferred form of the Original Work for making modifications to it and all available documentation describing how to modify the Original Work.
7. "You" means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under, and complying with all of the terms of, this License.
8. "Modelica package" means any Modelica library that is defined with the package <Name> ... end <Name>; Modelica language element.

#### 2. Grant of Copyright License

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#### 3. Acceptance

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#### 5. [reserved]

#### 6. Provision of Source Code

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#### 7. Exclusions from License Grant

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#### 8. Attribution Rights

You must retain in the Source Code of the Original Work and of any Derivative Works that You create, all author, copyright, patent, or trademark notices, as well as any descriptive text identified therein as an "Attribution Notice". The same applies to the licensing notice of this License in the Original Work. For the matter of clarity, "author notice" means the notice that identifies the original author(s).

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#### 11. Termination

This License conditions your rights to undertake the activities listed in Section 2 and 5, including your right to create Derivative Works based upon the Original Work, and doing so without observing these terms and conditions is prohibited by copyright law and international treaty. Nothing in this License is intended to affect copyright exceptions and limitations. This License shall terminate immediately and You may no longer exercise any of the rights granted to You by this License upon your failure to observe the conditions of this license.

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#### 13. Jurisdiction

Any action or suit relating to this License may be brought only in the courts of a jurisdiction wherein the Licensor resides and under the laws of that jurisdiction excluding its conflict-of-law provisions. The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. Any use of the Original Work outside the scope of this License or after its termination shall be subject to the requirements and penalties of copyright or patent law in the appropriate jurisdiction. This section shall survive the termination of this License.

#### 14. Attorneys' Fees

In any action to enforce the terms of this License or seeking damages relating thereto, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its costs and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred in connection with such action, including any appeal of such action. This section shall survive the termination of this License.

#### 15. Miscellaneous

1. If any provision of this License is held to be unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable.
2. No verbal ancillary agreements have been made. Changes and additions to this License must appear in writing to be valid. This also applies to changing the clause pertaining to written form.
3. You may use the Original Work in all ways not otherwise restricted or conditioned by this License or by law, and Licensor promises not to interfere with or be responsible for such uses by You.
4. You are under no obligation whatsoever to provide any bug fixes, patches, or upgrades to the features, functionality or performance of the source code ("Enhancements") to anyone; however, if you choose to make your Enhancements available either publicly, or directly to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, without imposing a separate written license agreement for such Enhancements, then you hereby grant the following license: a non-exclusive, royalty-free perpetual license to install, use, modify, prepare derivative works, incorporate into other computer software, distribute, and sublicense such enhancements or derivative works thereof, in binary and source code form.

#### How to Apply the Modelica License 2

At the top level of your Modelica package and at every important subpackage, add the following notices in the info layer of the package:

- Licensed by The Regents of the University of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under the Modelica License 2 Copyright (c) 2009-2015, The Regents of the University of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
- This Modelica package is free software and the use is completely at your own risk; it can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the Modelica license 2, see the license conditions (including the disclaimer of warranty) here or at http://www.modelica.org/modelica-legal-documents/ModelicaLicense2.html.

Include a copy of the Modelica License 2 under <library>.UsersGuide.ModelicaLicense2 (use http://www.modelica.org/modelica-legal-documents/ModelicaLicense2.mo) Furthermore, add the list of authors and contributors under <library>.UsersGuide.Contributors or <library>.UsersGuide.Contact

For example, sublibrary Modelica.Blocks of the Modelica Standard Library may have the following notices:

- Licensed by Modelica Association under the Modelica License 2 Copyright (c) 1998-2008, Modelica Association.
- This Modelica package is free software and the use is completely at your own risk; it can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the Modelica license 2, see the license conditions (including the disclaimer of warranty) here or at http://www.modelica.org/modelica-legal-documents/ModelicaLicense2.html.

For C-source code and documents, add similar notices in the corresponding file.

For images, add a "readme.txt" file to the directories where the images are stored and include a similar notice in this file.

In these cases, save a copy of the Modelica License 2 in one directory of the distribution, e.g., http://www.modelica.org/modelica-legal-documents/ModelicaLicense2-standalone.html in directory <library>/help/documentation/ModelicaLicense2.html.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

### Modelica definition

class License "Modelica License 2" extends Modelica.Icons.Information; end License;

## Buildings.UsersGuide.Copyright

Copyright

### Information

#### Copyright

Copyright (c) 2009-2015, The Regents of the University of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (subject to receipt of any required approvals from the U.S. Dept. of Energy). All rights reserved.

If you have questions about your rights to use or distribute this software, please contact Berkeley Lab's Technology Transfer Department at TTD@lbl.gov

NOTICE. This software was developed under partial funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. As such, the U.S. Government has been granted for itself and others acting on its behalf a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license in the Software to reproduce, prepare derivative works, and perform publicly and display publicly. Beginning five (5) years after the date permission to assert copyright is obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy, and subject to any subsequent five (5) year renewals, the U.S. Government is granted for itself and others acting on its behalf a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license in the Software to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, perform publicly and display publicly, and to permit others to do so.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

### Modelica definition

class Copyright "Copyright" extends Modelica.Icons.Information; end Copyright;